Research and development - Articles

Polyethylene glycol (PEG), a compound composed of repeated ethylene glycol units [-(CH2CH2O)n], is also known as Macrogols. PEG and PEG derivatives have the characteristics of non-irritation, good water solubility, good compatibility, etc. . At the same time, they possess excellent lubricity, moisture retention and dispersibility so that they can be used as adhesives, antistatic agents and softeners, and widely applied in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, chemical fibers, rubber, plastics, paper, paint, electroplating, pesticides, metal processing and food processing industries.
This article will introduce PEG chemical structure, PEG synthesis, and PEG properties. Synthesis of PEG Polyethylene glycol (PEG) can be synthesized via anionic polymerization of ethylene oxide and any hydroxyl…

Average drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) and drug load distribution are two vital properties of antibody drug conjugates (ADCs). Over the years, several ADC bioanalytical methods have been developed to better estimate these properties for early development and routine quality control applications. In this article, we provide an overview of the most widely used methods for the detailed analysis of DAR in these molecules.
Average drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) and drug load distribution are two vital properties of antibody drug conjugates (ADCs). Over the years, several ADC bioanalytical methods have been developed to better estimate these properties for early development and routine quality control applications. In this article, we provide an overview of the most widely used methods…

Oligosaccharides are basically carbohydrates formed by the union of three to six units of simple sugars or monosaccharides. However, in rare cases, as many as ten units of sugars have been seen to form an Oligosaccharide. They are either formed by combining molecules of monosaccharides or are formed from the breaking of complex sugars called polysaccharides. Very few oligosaccharides are found in nature from plants. To mention a few; Raffinose is formed of 3 molecules of monosaccharides, melibiose, gentianose and fructose. One oligosaccharide is obtained from arthropod’s blood and in a few plants which are Maltotriose which consists of three molecules of glucose. The molecular formula of Oligosaccharide is C37H62N2O29. It has a calorific va;ue of 1.5-2 cal/gm and is usually found in legumes, garlic, pear, watermelon and white onion. Many fruits also contain fructo-oligosaccharide.

Surfactants can increase the solubility of poorly soluble drugs in the dispersion medium, because surfactants can form micelles.
Surfactants have become a flexible and diverse class of fine chemical products due to their physical and chemical effects such as wetting or anti-sticking, emulsification or demulsification, foaming or defoaming, solubilization, dispersion, washing, anti-corrosion, etc. Currently, surfactants are most widely used as detergents in daily life, but they have been found potentially useful in many other fields. Characteristics of Surfactant Solubilization Surfactants can increase the solubility of poorly soluble drugs in the dispersion medium, because surfactants can form micelles, and surfactants are amphiphilic, if the polarity of the drug is small and the…

Pheromones have been widely used in pest management internationally in recent years as they are green and environmentally friendly, making fruit and vegetable safer.
Insect pheromones are compounds used to express various information such as aggregation, foraging, mating, and vigilance. Insect pheromones exist in insects in nature, and all insects produce and recognize pheromones. Insect pheromones have been widely used in pest management internationally in recent years as they are green and environmentally friendly, making fruit and vegetable safer. What are insect pheromones made of? Insect pheromones are mainly composed of alkanes and alkenes, most of which are straight-chain unsaturated acetates with 10-18 carbons and their alcohols or aldehydes, and a few contain epoxy s…

Valuation is a frequently employed practice in the pharma industry. It plays a pivotal role in a multitude of decision-making processes including new product planning, opportunity assessment, fund raising, investment, licensing, partnering and M&A. In this article, we address some of the critical aspects that must be considered when conducting valuation of pharmaceutical companies and their assets.
Valuation is a frequently employed practice in the pharma industry. It plays a pivotal role in a multitude of decision-making processes including new product planning, opportunity assessment, fund raising, investment, licensing, partnering and M&A. In this article, we address some of the critical aspects that must be considered when conducting valuation of pharmaceutical companies and their a…

Carbon fiber composite materials have begun to find use in various industries and its charm has been gradually recognized worldwide.
Carbon fiber is a new type of fiber material with high strength and with a carbon content of more than 95%. It is a microcrystalline graphite material obtained by piling up organic fibers such as flake graphite microcrystals along the fiber axial direction, and then undergoing carbonization and graphitization treatments. Carbon fiber is a new material with excellent mechanical properties. Its specific gravity is less than 1/4 of that of steel. The tensile strength of carbon fiber resin composites is generally above 3500Mpa, which is 7-9 times that of steel. The tensile modulus of elasticity is 23000 to 43000Mpa, also higher than steel. Performance of…

2D materials have gained attention due to their excellent electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties.
2D materials are layered materials composed of single or multiple atomic layers in terms of thickness and stacked between van der Waals forces. Initially, 2D semiconducting materials mainly focused on carbon-based materials, such as carbon nanotubes and graphene. According to a study by IBM, graphene chips have shown greater performance and improvement in power consumption compared to silicon-based chips. For instance, the chip speed of the 7 nm silicon-based chip will only be enhanced by 20% when it is narrowed down to 5 nm, whereas the 7 nm graphene chip demonstrated 300X greater speed than the 7 nm silicon-based chip. Research data have proven that carbon-based 2D materials can bette…

Microneedling is currently most widely used in the cosmetic field and has been commercialized for many years.
Microneedles (MN) is a new type of physical permeability-enhancing technology. It consists of multiple micron-scale fine needle tips connected to the base in an array. The needle body is generally 10-2000 microns high and 10-50 microns wide. The length, size and shape of the microneedles can be individually designed according to the needs of the application. When the microneedle delivers the drug, the active ingredient is loaded into the microneedle array, and the concentration gradient between the drug and the subcutaneous tissue fluid forms a driving force, causing the drug to be slowly released into the body. In addition to the advantages of a transdermal delivery system, it also…

Explore the complex role of the IL-36 cytokines, members of the IL-1 superfamily. Learn how these molecular structures influence inflammation signaling pathways, their potential therapeutic benefits for various inflammatory diseases including psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease,
IL-36, A Member of IL-1 Superfamily, Emerging Target for Treating Inflammatory Diseases Introduction to IL-36 Family Twenty years ago, Interleukin 36 (IL-36) was discovered as a member of the IL-1 superfamily. Its gene is located on chromosome 2 in an IL gene cluster, including IL1A - IL1B - IL37 - IL36G - IL36A - IL36B - IL36RN - IL38 - IL1RN, with IL-36 encoding genes transcribed far away from the centromere. There are four known subtypes of IL-36, which have been renamed multiple times…

Natural Killer (NK) cells play a critical role in the innate immune surveillance against cancer and viral infections. They are the "first responders" capable of spontaneously recognizing abnormal cells in the body, swiftly eliminating them through targeted cytotoxic mechanisms, and effectively producing pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines to recruit and activate other immune cells to initiate adaptive responses. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of NK cell activation and identifying methods to stimulate their activation are crucial for the development of anti-tumor and antiviral drugs.
Mechanisms of NK Cell Activation NK cells are regulated by a dynamic balance between a series of activating and inhibitory receptors. Normal cells express major histocompatibility complex class…

Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a multifunctional cytokine that acts on various cell types, including dendritic cells, T cells, B cells, neutrophils, mast cells, eosinophils, and innate lymphoid cells, affecting their maturation, survival, and recruitment. It is well-known for its role in promoting type 2 immune responses, such as allergic diseases. In 2021, a monoclonal antibody targeting TSLP was approved for the treatment of severe asthma.
TSLP and TSLPR TSLP (Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin) is a member of the four-helix bundle cytokine family and is a distant homolog of IL-7. As the name suggests, TSLP was initially identified in the mouse thymic stromal cell line Z210R, as a factor that promotes the proliferation and development of immature B cells. Subsequently, TSLP was found to…

First-in-class antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) that targets Nectin-4, which is a cell surface protein highly expressed in bladder cancer. Preclinical data suggest that the anticancer activity of it is attributed to its binding to cells expressing Nectin-4, followed by internalization and release of the anti-tumor agent monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) into the cell. This is believed to inhibit cell proliferation (cell cycle arrest) and induce programmed cell death (apoptosis).
The biologics license application (BLA) has been accepted for Enfortumab Vedotin for the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma in patients who have previously received PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors and platinum-containing chemotherapy. Enfortumab Vedotin is the first domestically submitted targeted an…

Researchers have delved into the exploration of various modifications of PNA nucleobases that could enhance their properties and increase their chemical space.
Structure and Properties of PNA Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are sophisticated oligonucleotide analogs that feature nucleobases, a peptide backbone, as well as an N-terminus and a C-terminus. The nucleobases embedded in PNAs are the classic adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T), all of which can also be found in DNA. However, the nucleobases in PNAs are not attached to the conventional deoxyribose or ribose sugar. Instead, they are coupled to an N-(2-aminoethyl) glycine monomer, which then goes on to create a peptide bond with the neighboring monomer. This unique chemical makeup of PNAs imbues them with an exception…

The electroplating intermediate is a material used in the electroplating process to adjust characteristics such as grain size, gloss, thickness and plating speed.
The electroplating intermediate is a material used in the electroplating process to adjust characteristics such as grain size, gloss, thickness and plating speed. Most of them are configured as electroplating additives. Then, it is added to the electroplating production process for additional use. According to different types of plating, it can be divided into nickel plating intermediate, copper plating intermediate, tin plating intermediate, gold plating intermediate, silver plating intermediate, etc. According to different functions, it can be divided into surfactant, brightener, wetting agent, softener, anti-fogging agent,…

Hydrocolloids have been increasingly studied in the fabrication of nanocarriers for controlled and targeted drug delivery, most likely due to their low toxicity, biocompatibility, and excellent biological properties.
What Is Hydrocolloid？ Hydrocolloids are molecules that have a high affinity for water and can form thick gels in water. Hydrocolloids can be derived from various natural sources such as plants (e.g. pectin, guar gum), animals (e.g. gelatin), and microbial sources (e.g. xanthan gum). They can also be modified chemically to suit specific applications. Hydrocolloids are used in a wide variety of industries, most commonly in food and cosmetics. Hydrocolloids are extensively used in the food industry for various purposes, such as thickening, stabilizing, emulsifying, and gellin…

Stable isotope techniques are used in various applications in different fields such as chemistry, biology, geology, and environmental science. In this article, we will focus on the applications of stable isotope techniques in various fields.
What Are Stable Isotope Techniques？ A class of atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus is called isotopes, which can be divided into stable isotopes and radioactive isotopes. The nucleus of a radioactive isotope is unstable, and it decays into another isotope by spontaneously emitting particles. Isotopes that are not radioactive are called stable isotopes. There are more than 1700 kinds of isotopes in nature, of which there are more than 270 kinds of stable isotopes. Compared with radioactive isotopes, stab…

Cell-penetrating peptides are a class of short peptides with a length of 5~30 amino acids, which can carry peptides, nucleic acids, small molecules of drugs, and virus particles through cell membranes into cells.
Cell-penetrating peptides are a class of short peptides with a length of 5~30 amino acids, which can carry peptides, nucleic acids, small molecules of drugs, and virus particles through cell membranes into cells. People use it as a carrier to transport objects into cells. Past research has proven effective in treating mouse models of cancer and inflammatory diseases with cells that carry proteins and peptides through peptides. Based on animal studies, it is thought that it will be possible for cells to penetrate peptides carrying DNA or siRNA to treat disease.   Cell-pene…

In the past ten years, ADCs have developed into a major biopharmaceutical category through improvements in all design aspects. There is still a lot of technical space and a strong market driving force for ADC drug design and further optimization. Nevertheless, many believe that the number and quality of ADCs will increase substantially in the next ten years.
In the past ten years, the number of antibody drug conjugate (ADC) entering clinical trials has steadily increased. Currently, 9 ADCs have been approved, of which 5 are used for hematoma and 4 for solid tumor treatment. After more than 20 years of development, ADC biopharmaceuticals are becoming the main force in the treatment of cancer. Currently, one of the most important challenges when designing a good ADC drug is to maxim…

Nucleic acid is a biopolymer compound composed of nucleotides and is one of life’s basic substances. It is widely found in all animal and plant cells, microorganisms, and organisms, and is often combined with proteins to form nucleoproteins. According to their different chemical compositions, nucleic acids can be divided into ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
Nucleotides are the phosphate esters of nucleoside and are the building blocks of DNA and RNA. All nucleotides have three components: a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. The most effective antiviral drugs used in clinics are nucleoside analogs, such as AZT, ddI, ddC for HIV, and cytarabine for herpes virus. Therefore, nucleoside synthesis has attract…