Biotech - Articles

Illumina sequencing is a second-generation sequencing technology that has become a powerful tool for genomics research. The method uses reversible dye terminator technology to detect the sequence of a DNA molecule. The process begins by fragmenting the DNA sample into short fragments, typically 100-150 base pairs (bp) in length. These fragments are then ligated to a universal adapter and annealed to a slide. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification is performed to create a large number of copies of each fragment, resulting in clusters on the slide.
What is Illumina Sequencing? Illumina sequencing is a second-generation sequencing technology that has become a powerful tool for genomics research. The method uses reversible dye terminator technology to detect the sequence of a DNA molecul…

RNA modifications can structurally alter the pairing of nucleobases, leading to structural rearrangements of RNA and thus regulating the function of the molecule. Epistatic transcriptome modifications determine the multifunctional nature of RNA and the large number of biological processes it regulates, including RNA splicing, translation, cellular localization and lifespan. Therefore, decoding information about modifications that affect sequence or structural changes is increasingly important.
What is epitranscriptomic modification? RNA modifications, not limited to purine or pyrimidine bases, including N6-methyladenosine (m6A), 1-methyladenosine (m1A), 5-methylcytidine (m5C), 5-hydroxymethylcytidine (hm5C), 5-formylcytidine (f5C), 5-carboxycytidine (ca5C), inosine (I), pseudouridine (Ψ), a…

When classifying bacteria and fungi, morphological features are v¬ery relevant. Colony morphology is a useful tool widely used to classify and define them by researchers. Carefully studied and used during these experiments are the colony properties of individual bacterial and fungal colonies. Compared to fungi, bacteria easily thrive on nutrient-rich culture media.
When classifying bacteria and fungi, morphological features are v­ery relevant. Colony morphology is a useful tool widely used to classify and define them by researchers. Carefully studied and used during these experiments are the colony properties of individual bacterial and fungal colonies. Compared to fungi, bacteria easily thrive on nutrient-rich culture media. Phenotypically distinct-looking colonies are formed by various s…

Chimeric RNA, also known as fusion RNA, refers to RNA molecules that are formed as a result of the fusion of two or more different RNA transcripts. Chimeric RNA, a unique class of RNA molecules formed through various molecular mechanisms, such as trans-splicing, read-through transcription, and fusion genes. These hybrid transcripts play a significant role in diverse biological processes and have gained substantial attention in recent years.
What is Chimeric RNA? Chimeric RNA, also known as fusion RNA, refers to RNA molecules that are formed as a result of the fusion of two or more different RNA transcripts. Chimeric RNA, a unique class of RNA molecules formed through various molecular mechanisms, such as trans-splicing, read-through transcription, and fusion genes. These hybrid transcripts…

It is reported that the research team is conducting further toxicology experiments and verifying it in other models in preparation for entering human clinical trials.
Professor Saar Gill and Professor Carl June from the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania published a research paper titled: Epitope base editing CD45 in hematopoietic cells enables universal blood cancer immune therapy in Science Translational Medicine, a sub-journal of Science.   CD45 exists on the surface of almost all blood cells (including, of course, blood cancer cells), and this study developed an "epitope editing" strategy using adenine base editors (ABEs). After base editing, CD45 can work normally in the blood system without being recognized by CAR-T cells.   Using this "epitope edi…

In recent years, PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras (PROTAC), which utilizes the cell's own degradation mechanisms to eliminate specific disease-related proteins, has emerged as one of the most promising methods.
In recent years, PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras (PROTAC), which utilizes the cell's own degradation mechanisms to eliminate specific disease-related proteins, has emerged as one of the most promising methods. Apart from PROTAC, various targeted protein degradation (TPD) strategies are emerging, involving molecular glue, Autophagy-Targeting Chimera (AUTEC), Autophagosome Tethering Compound (ATTEC), and Autophagy Targeting Chimera (AUTOTAC). These compounds are generally bifunctional small molecules, consisting of two parts: one part contains an E3 recruitment ligand to activate the ubiq…

Typically, LNP is composed of 4 components: ionizable cationic lipids, phospholipids, cholesterol, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) lipids. Each component determines the stability, transfection efficiency, and safety of LNP. It plays a vital role. To design a drug carrier based on lipid nanoparticles, we first need to clarify the basic principles behind LNP design.
Compared with viral vectors, non-viral delivery vectors are easier to scale up and have the ability to solve the most critical safety issues. Thanks to the LNP-mRNA vaccine that came to the fore during the COVID-19 pandemic, lipid nanoparticles (LNP) are undoubtedly the most advanced and widely studied non-viral vectors at present. Typically, LNP is composed of 4 components: ionizable cationic lipids, phospholipids, choles…

In recent years, advances in biotechnology have led to the development of new methods for large-scale RNA production, including fermentation-based approaches.
Why RNA production by fermentation RNA is a vital biomolecule with numerous biological functions, and its importance has led to a growing demand for RNA-based therapeutics and diagnostic tools. However, producing RNA at a large scale has been a challenge, and traditional methods such as chemical synthesis are time-consuming and expensive. In recent years, advances in biotechnology have led to the development of new methods for large-scale RNA production, including fermentation-based approaches.   What is RNA production by fermentation Large-scale RNA Production Through Fermentation Fermentation is a process that involves the use…

In addition to single-target Trop-2 ADCs, some companies are also deploying dual-target ADCs. For example, Biocytogen’s Trop-2/PTK7 dual-antibody ADC BCG033, Trop-2/EGFR dual-antibody ADC DM001, and Trop-2/HER2 dual-antibody ADC YH012, etc. However, these are currently in preclinical research, and it will take time to verify how far they will go in the future.
Antibody drug conjugate (ADC) research involves more and more targets, such as HER-2, Trop-2, Claudin-18.2, B7-H3 and B7-H4, etc. Trop-2 is a transmembrane glycoprotein. Its high expression is associated with the occurrence of many tumors and poor prognosis. It is a very popular ADC research target, second only to HER2. Currently, only Gilead's Trop-2 ADC drug Trodelvy has been approved for marketing in the world. It is used to t…

- Understanding the definition and role of CD19 in the immune system. - Introduction to the structure, composition, and signal pathway of CD19. - Knowledge about CD19 related diseases and research purpose products
What is CD19 Understanding CD19: Definition and Role in the Immune System CD19, also known as Cluster of Differentiation 19, is a cell surface protein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. It serves as a crucial marker for B cells, playing a pivotal role in the human immune system. While predominantly found on the surface of B cells, CD19 is rarely expressed on other immune cells. Its significance lies in its involvement in B cell development and activation, making it a valuable target for research and clinical applications. The Structural Composition of CD19 The human CD…

what exactly is Generative AI, how has it evolved, and what role can it play in clinical research? Let’s delve deeper!
Introduction In the early years, your phone’s predictive text made you wonder, then came Gmail’s Smart Reply feature that utilizes machine learning to provide one-sentence responses. Since then we have come a long way, all thanks to Generative AI or GenAI. This technology is now capable of creating art, composing coherent paragraphs, writing code, and even assisting scientists in clinical research. But what exactly is Generative AI, how has it evolved, and what role can it play in clinical research? Let’s delve deeper! What is Generative AI? Generative AI, in simple terms, is a type of artificial intelligence that can create things on its own, like writing text, generating…

Immunity is an act of self-protection of the body. The immune response is divided into specific and non-specific. The antigen and antibody responses are generally referred to as specific immune responses, which require the participation of B cells and T cells. Other immune cells such as macrophages and NK cells mediate non-specific immune responses, which are part of the body's natural defense system.
Relationship Between Immunity, Inflammation and Cancer Immunity is an act of self-protection of the body. The immune response is divided into specific and non-specific. The antigen and antibody responses are generally referred to as specific immune responses, which require the participation of B cells and T cells. Other immune cells such as macrophages and NK cells mediate non-specific immune…

BioID (proximity-dependent biotin identification) is a proximity dependent labeling technology established by Roux et al in 2015 to study protein interactions. It can also be developed to study the interactions between proteins and RNA, and proteins and DNA.
What is BioID Technique? BioID (proximity-dependent biotin identification) is a proximity dependent labeling technology established by Roux et al in 2015 to study protein interactions. It can also be developed to study the interactions between proteins and RNA, and proteins and DNA.   How BioID technology works? A recombinant expression vector of the target protein with biotin ligase (BirA) is first constructed and then transfected into cells for amplified expression. Biotin is added to the medium of the transfected cells. Bir…

The molecular structure of therapeutic proteins is complex and diverse, and their properties vary widely. Therefore, specific analytical methods must be developed for various therapeutic protein molecules. The primary structure of a therapeutic protein usually refers to its amino acid sequence, which contains important structural, characteristic and genetic information. And it is the most fundamental form of describing the subcellular localization, structure and function of the protein, with potential impact on the safety, pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of its drug product. Therefore, various mass spectrometry-based analytical techniques are often required to characterize the primary structure of therapeutic proteins at multiple levels.
Why characterize protein primary stru…

Host cell proteins (HCPs) are process-related impurities produced by host cells and are typically present at low levels in recombinant biopharmaceutical products. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has traditionally been used to monitor the total content of HCP in the production of therapeutic protein drugs. Now, with the continuous improvement and upgrading of technology, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is also increasingly used for the qualitative or quantitative analysis of HCP in the purification process.
Host cell proteins (HCPs) are process-related impurities produced by host cells and are typically present at low levels in recombinant biopharmaceutical products. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has traditionally been used to monitor the total content o…

Chemical cross-linking mass spectrometry (CXMS) is an important tool for resolving protein structures and studying protein interactions. The technique uses a chemical cross-linking agent to link two amino acids in close enough spatial proximity to each other in a covalent bond. The two amino acid sites where cross-linking occurs are identified by mass spectrometry. The distance between the two cross-linking sites should not exceed the arm length of the cross-linker due to the limitation of the cross-linker arm length. This distance information will provide important constraints for protein structure resolution and interaction studies.
Chemical cross-linking mass spectrometry (CXMS) is an important tool for resolving protein structures and studying protein interactions. The technique us…

Computational chemistry combines principles from physics, chemistry, and computer science to model and simulate the behavior of molecules and materials at the atomic level.
The discovery of new materials with desirable properties in the field of materials science used to heavily depend on laboratory experiments and trial-and-error methods. Yet, the introduction of computational chemistry has completely changed this process by giving researchers the ability to predict and optimize the behavior of materials even before they are created in the laboratory. This technique has had a significant impact on the field, leading to quicker and more effective material discovery and development. Understanding and Designing Materials at the Atomic Level Computational chemistry combines principles from phy…

Gene isoforms are different variations or versions of a gene that can be produced by alternative splicing or alternative transcription initiation and termination. These isoforms are often present in the same organism or cell type but differ in their coding sequence or in the regulatory elements that control their expression.
What Is Gene Isoform? Gene isoforms are different variations or versions of a gene that can be produced by alternative splicing or alternative transcription initiation and termination. These isoforms are often present in the same organism or cell type but differ in their coding sequence or in the regulatory elements that control their expression.   Alternative splicing is a process in which different combinations of exons (coding regions) within a gene are spl…

SARS-CoV-2 is a newly discovered human coronavirus group (HCoV), which are single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the family of Coronaviridae. A range of respiratory diseases have been induced by some of these pathogens in the past. SARS-CoV-1 infected more than 8,000 individuals around the world, for example. Human coronavirus linked to Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) also occurred in Saudi Arabia in 2012 and induced high mortality levels among infected individuals.
SARS-CoV-2 is a newly discovered human coronavirus group (HCoV), which are single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the family of Coronaviridae. A range of respiratory diseases have been induced by some of these pathogens in the past. SARS-CoV-1 infected more than 8,000 individuals around the world, for examp…

Pan-genomes reflect structural variation (SV) and polymorphisms in the genome, allowing in-depth comparisons of variation at the species level or at higher taxonomic levels. Pan-genomes have potential applications in crop improvement, evolution and biodiversity research. To fully exploit the value of pan-genomes, a broader range of information such as phenotypic, environmental and expression data needs to be integrated to provide insight into the role of variable regions in the genome.
What is pan-genome? A pan-genome is the sum of all genomic information within a species. With the development of genomic technology, researchers have found that a single reference genome can no longer meet the needs of genomic data analysis, and more and more species, including the human genome, are choosing…