Articles

Some carotenoids have shorter (C30) or longer (C45 or C50) side carbon chains and are usually divided into two classes: xanthophylls and carotenes. In nature, more than 1100 carotenoids have been found, the common ones are lycopene, a-carotene, β-carotene, astaxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, cryptoxanthin and violet xanthin. 
Carotenoids are lipophilic natural pigments synthesized by all photosynthetic organisms and some non-photosynthetic prokaryotes and fungi. Typical carotenoids are C40 mushroom compounds and their derivatives consisting of eight isoprene units linked end to end. Some carotenoids have shorter (C30) or longer (C45 or C50) side carbon chains and are usually divided into two classes: xanthophylls and carotenes. In nature, more than 1100 carotenoids have been found, the co…

Anthocyanin is one of the important pigments that determine the color of flowers, fruits and seed coats of angiosperms. It is found in the vesicles of plant epidermal cells and appears orange, red to blue. Anthocyanins also play an important role in plant resistance to stress.
Structure and classification of anthocyanins The basic structure of anthocyanins is an α-phenylchroman cation with a basic C6 (A ring)-C3 (C ring)-C6 (B ring) carbon skeleton structure. Due to the methylation and hydroxylation modifications occurring at different positions on the ring, mainly for the different groups at the R1 and R2 positions on the B ring, different anthocyanin species are formed. There are at least 650 anthocyanins identified in nature. Despite the increasing number of anthocyanin structures, they…

Auxin is the most important class of hormones in plants, and its asymmetric distribution pattern in plants regulates the developmental processes of plant cells and tissues, including cell division, cell elongation, landwardness, apical dominance, plant flowering and leaf order development, primary root development and lateral root genesis, senescence, and various stress responses.
Auxin is the most important class of hormones in plants, and its asymmetric distribution pattern in plants regulates the developmental processes of plant cells and tissues, including cell division, cell elongation, landwardness, apical dominance, plant flowering and leaf order development, primary root development and lateral root genesis, senescence, and various stress responses.   The endogenous growth…

In the realm of biochemistry, one enzyme that has shown significant medical implications is proline dipeptidase, also known as prolidase. At Creative Enzymes, we have successfully isolated this enzyme from its biological host, pig (porcine tissue), and have cataloged it as Native Porcine Prolidase.
In the realm of biochemistry, one enzyme that has shown significant medical implications is proline dipeptidase, also known as prolidase. At Creative Enzymes, we have successfully isolated this enzyme from its biological host, pig (porcine tissue), and have cataloged it as Native Porcine Prolidase.   Native Porcine Prolidase, also called peptidase D, is an enzyme catalyzing the splitting of dipeptides with a proline or hydroxyproline residue in the C-terminal position. In other words, this e…

The world of pharmaceutical and biological research increasingly relies on novel technologies and compounds. One such compound that has elicited commendable scientific curiosity is DSPE-PEG-Maleimide. Enabled by the cutting-edge capabilities of our laboratories at Creative Enzymes, we are delighted to reveal intriguing aspects of this fascinating molecule in this article.
The world of pharmaceutical and biological research increasingly relies on novel technologies and compounds. One such compound that has elicited commendable scientific curiosity is DSPE-PEG-Maleimide. Enabled by the cutting-edge capabilities of our laboratories at Creative Enzymes, we are delighted to reveal intriguing aspects of this fascinating molecule in this article.   DSPE-PEG-Maleimide, scientifically called 1,…

Due to the complex pharmacological effects of hormones, improper application will cause various adverse reactions. In principle, a small dose and short course of medication should be selected.
Hormones are chemical substances produced by one cell, gland, or organ that affect the activities of other cells in the body. The active ingredients of hormonal drugs include natural hormones, as well as organic substances with the same structure and action principle as hormones, which can be divided into glucocorticoids, adrenocortical hormones, norepinephrine hormones, progesterone, estrogen, androgen, etc. Hormonal drugs are used to treat many diseases, especially in anti-allergy, anti-infection, anti-shock and immunosuppression. The Main Effects of Hormones Promote or Inhibit Biological Grow…

Carbon nanotube dispersion has shown tremendous potential in biomedical applications. One of the main areas where carbon nanotubes can be utilized is in drug delivery systems.
Carbon nanotube dispersion has revolutionized various fields of science, including chemistry and materials science, due to their extraordinary mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties. However, their practical applications are often hindered by their tendency to form agglomerates, making homogeneous dispersion a critical challenge. What are the Dispersion Techniques of Carbon Nanotubes? 1. Surfactant-Assisted Dispersion Techniques: Surfactants are widely used to enhance the dispersion of CNTs in various solvents. They reduce surface tension, resulting in the separation of individual nanotubes or small bun…

Among silicone polymers, polysiloxanes with Si-O bonds have attracted growing interest in the past and present decades and extensively studied for multiple applications in materials science, ranging from sprayable superhydrophobic coating and pressure sensor to skin care.
Introduction Silicone polymers are organic polymers containing silicon atoms that is an important part of polymer chemistry. The main chain of silicone polymers is composed of Si-O bonds, Si-N bonds or Si-B bonds, while the side chain is composed of silicon atoms connect with other organic groups. Among silicone polymers, polysiloxanes with Si-O bonds have attracted growing interest in the past and present decades and extensively studied for multiple applications in materials science, ranging from sprayable superhydrophobi…

Epalrestat is a carboxylic acid derivative and a noncompetitive and reversible aldose reductase inhibitor used for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy, which is one of the most common long-term complications in patients with diabetes mellitus.
Introduction Epalrestat is a carboxylic acid derivative and a noncompetitive and reversible aldose reductase inhibitor used for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy, which is one of the most common long-term complications in patients with diabetes mellitus. The structure of epalrestat is showed in Figure 1. Fig. 1 Structure of epalrestat Function of epalrestat in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy Introduction of diabetic neuropathy Diabetic neuropathy is nerve damage that is caused by diabetes. Over time, high blood glucose levels, also called…

The synthesis of pheromones is a complex process that requires a deep understanding of organic chemistry. Traditional methods of pheromone synthesis have been tedious, expensive, and time-consuming. However, the advent of pheromone solid-phase synthesis has revolutionized the pheromone synthesis industry.
Introduction of Pheromone Solid-phase Synthesis Pheromones are a fascinating class of molecules that are used by many organisms, including insects and mammals, to communicate with one another. They are chemical signals that convey information about an individual's identity, reproductive status, and location, among other things. The synthesis of pheromones is a complex process that requires a deep understanding of organic chemistry. Traditional methods of pheromone synthesis have been ted…

In addition to traditional small molecule compounds, new types of payloads such as PROTACs and light-activated molecules have also been selected as payloads.
The concept of ADCs was first proposed by Nobel Prize winner Paul Ehrlich in 1913. But it was not until 1975, when hybridoma technology began to be used to produce monoclonal antibodies, that the era of ADC drug development truly began. Driven by increasingly mature technology, ADC drugs have gone through three iterations (Fig. 1). Although ADCs have gone through three iterations, current payloads still have clinical limitations, such as severe side effects and drug resistance. The development of novel ADC payloads is a complex and dynamic process, encompassing a diverse range of agents such as RNA inhibitors, Bcl-xL inhibito…

Despite advancements in the production of bio-based plastics, challenges persist, including high production costs and competition for food resources.
At the 5th United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA-5) held in March 2022, 175 countries signed a resolution to end plastic pollution. The aim is to achieve a legally binding international agreement by the end of 2024, addressing the entire lifecycle of plastic products, including production, design, recycling, and disposal. Addressing plastic pollution has become a global consensus, and synthetic biology technology offers sustainable solutions for plastic production and waste management. Recently, researchers in South Korea summarized the latest developments in microbial production and plastic degradation, as well as the potential cont…

As a combination of macromolecules and small molecules, ADC brings certain challenges to CMC supervision due to its complex structural characteristics and production process.
Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) are a new class of biopharmaceuticals that use monoclonal antibodies to target tumor cells to deliver potent cytotoxic drugs. So far, a total of 15 ADC drugs have been approved worldwide, of which the FDA has approved 13 ADCs for various cancers, including Adcetris®, Kadcyla®, Besponsa®, Mylotarg®, Lumoxiti®, Polivy®, Padcev®, Enhertu ®, Trodelvy® and Blenrep®. As more and more ADCs enter clinical trials, the industry is gradually shifting from the use of traditional technologies to the use of newer, more robust methods to connect such complex biomolecules, including strategies usin…

With the rapid development of oligonucleotide drugs, it is increasingly important to develop reliable analytical methods with high specificity, selectivity and sensitivity to support regulatory bioanalytical studies.
Introduction of Oligonucleotides Oligonucleotide-based therapeutics represent a rapidly advancing field in current drug development. According to their therapeutic mechanisms, oligonucleotide drugs can be categorized into antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), small interfering RNA (siRNA), microRNA, anti-gene transcription factor inducers, and nucleic acid aptamers. Oligonucleotide sequences typically have lengths of around 12-30 nucleotides (nucleic acid aptamers may exceed 30 nucleotides), and their modes of action vary depending on the type. For example, ASOs have complem…

The trace element zinc is critical to many biological processes. Zinc gluconate is a dietary supplement for the purpose of providing zinc.
Introduction Zinc gluconate is a white to almost white solid that is soluble in water, practically insoluble in anhydrous ethanol and methylene chloride. It is a popular form for the delivery of zinc as a dietary supplement providing 14.35% elemental zinc by weight. It is also used to treat the common cold. The structure is shown in fig. 1. Fig. 1 Structure of zinc gluconate Application as a dietary supplement The trace element zinc is critical to many biological processes. Zinc gluconate is a dietary supplement for the purpose of providing zinc. It mainly has the following functions. Maintaining appetite Zinc deficiency leads to taste decline, anore…

Over the years, several innovative drug delivery systems have been developed to improve drug efficacy and patient outcomes.
In the field of medicine, effectively delivering drugs to the target site in the body is crucial for successful treatment. Over the years, several innovative drug delivery systems have been developed to improve drug efficacy and patient outcomes. In this article, we will discuss four novel drug delivery systems that have shown promising results in recent research. These systems include Microneedle Technology, Transdermal Patches Drug Delivery System, Nanoparticle Development Services for Drug Delivery Systems, and CAR-T/CAR-NK Cells Development for Drug Delivery Systems. Microneedle Technology Microneedle technology offers a minimally invasive approach to drug del…

With the departure of the casual investors who flooded the market during the COVID-19 pandemic, the dust settling on the Inflation Reduction Act, and the tightening of pharma budgets, 2023 was ultimately a year of correction. Adequate reflection upon the past 12 months is not possible without first glancing slightly further back to 2020. The pandemic saw slowed rates of clinical trials, except for COVID-19 vaccines, and a deluge of investment in the race to create the vaccine.
With the departure of the casual investors who flooded the market during the COVID-19 pandemic, the dust settling on the Inflation Reduction Act, and the tightening of pharma budgets, 2023 was ultimately a year of correction. Adequate reflection upon the past 12 months is not possible without first glancing slightly f…

Explore the 2024 Healthcare Landscape at the "Maximizing Software for Doctors" conference. Uncover the latest in health tech, EHR, telemedicine, and more to enhance doctor efficiency and patient care.
Introduction: We are in a generation where the healthcare department is expecting changes that we have not expected at all. The time has gone when the healthcare department was dependent on traditional methods to operate. Right now, different kinds of software are available for healthcare departments to operate seamlessly and to provide the best services to the patients as well. No doubt, by using all this technology helps the health care department to increase its process scale up and looks ahead those way can earn more money. In case you are at a modern hospital, you must get it know that th…

People get health insurance to make healthcare more accessible and affordable, but it doesn’t always work that way. The complicated paperwork and terminology make people wonder if their coinsurance applies to prescription drugs treating their health needs. Many factors contribute to why coinsurance doesn’t cut costs. This is everything you need to know about the type of health insurance and brand medicines.
People get health insurance to make healthcare more accessible and affordable, but it doesn’t always work that way. The complicated paperwork and terminology make people wonder if their coinsurance applies to prescription drugs treating their health needs. Many factors contribute to why coinsurance doesn’t cut costs. This is everything you need to know about the type of health insurance…

How much do you trust your neighborhood pharmacy? Many people regard these professionals as doing little more than putting pills in jars, but the reality is your pharmacist is a crucial partner in protecting your total health. However, it’s tough to gauge their level of expertise unless you have a medical license yourself, and not everyone is a doctor. Accreditation is an important step for independent practitioners to take for many reasons, not the least of which is protecting patient trust.
How much do you trust your neighborhood pharmacy? Many people regard these professionals as doing little more than putting pills in jars, but the reality is your pharmacist is a crucial partner in protecting your total health. However, it’s tough to gauge their level of expertise unless you have a medi…