Biotech - Articles

GPC3, with its full name Glypican-3, is a member of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan family and is connected to the cell surface through the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor on the cell membrane. The GPC3 gene was first detected in a rat epithelial cell line in 1988. In the human body, the GPC3 protein expressed by the GPC3 gene is significantly different in different developmental stages and different tissues, such as low expression or no expression in gastric cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer and other cancers, but often in hepatocellular carcinoma is overexpressed.
The Structure of GPC3 GPC3, or Glypican-3, is an oncofetal glycoprotein tethered to the cell membrane via a glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor[1-2]. Its core protein comprises 580 amino acids and weighs in at 70 k…

Nanopore full-length transcriptome sequencing is an innovative technique that utilizes Oxford Nanopore Technologies' (ONT) sequencing platform to obtain comprehensive and uninterrupted high-quality full-length sequences of transcripts. This cutting-edge approach enables researchers to accurately identify various structural variations within transcripts, including alternative splicing, gene fusion, selective polyadenylation of alternative polyadenylation sites (APAs), allele-specific expression, and other alterations in transcript structure. Additionally, this method facilitates precise quantification of transcript expression levels, encompassing both messenger RNA (mRNA) and polyA+ long non-coding RNA (lncRNA).
Nanopore full-length transcriptome sequencing is an innovative technique th…

Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that contain RNA, proteins, and lipids. These vesicles play a crucial role in intercellular communication and have been implicated in various physiological and pathological processes. Exosome RNA-Seq is a powerful technique that can be used to study the RNA content of exosomes and gain insight into their function and regulation. In this guide, we will provide an overview of the key steps involved in exosome RNA-Seq and highlight some important considerations for beginners.
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that contain RNA, proteins, and lipids. These vesicles play a crucial role in intercellular communication and have been implicated in various physiological and pathological processes. Exosome RNA-Seq is a powerful technique that…

The quantification and analysis methods of exosomal RNA are also key factors in exploring the dynamic changes of exosomal RNA in the tumor microenvironment. Currently, commonly used methods for quantifying and analyzing exosomal RNA include qPCR, sequencing, microarray, etc.
The Relationship Between Exosomes and Cancer Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles derived from intracellular lysosomes that shuttle a variety of biomolecules, such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, amino acids and metabolites, and play a key role in regulating intercellular communication. Exosomes can be secreted by almost all types of cells, including immune cells, blood cells, neuronal cells, epithelial cells, and cancer cells. Exosomes contain various types of RNA molecules, including miRNA, mRNA, and even long non…

Epigenetics has been defined as the study of stable alterations in gene expression potentials that arise during development and cell proliferation, or alterations in DNA function without alterations in DNA sequence. Modern epigenetic features refer to the alteration of DNA and/or associated proteins without nucleotide sequence variance, which transmits the data contained to the next generation. It has been considered that diseases are generally influenced by obtained biological alterations, but it is becoming evident that any phenotype is the result of a complex interplay between genotype, epigenome, and environment. Epigenetics concentrates on pathways that control how and when specific genes are turned on and/or off, while epi-genomics assess epigenetic changes in a cell or whole organism across many genes.

Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) sequencing has witnessed significant progress in recent years, becoming a key player in the genomics field. As the technology matures, so does the bioinformatics analysis of ONT data. Researchers have been diligently developing specialized tools and algorithms to better utilize the unique characteristics of ONT data, such as long read lengths and ionic current signals. This article explores the latest bioinformatics advancements that enable enhanced base calling, base modification detection, error correction, assembly, and alignment of ONT data.
Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) sequencing has witnessed significant progress in recent years, becoming a key player in the genomics field. As the technology matures, so does the bioinformatics analysi…

Cell cycle checkpoints are essential for maintaining genomic stability and preventing cancer. By understanding how cell cycle checkpoints work, scientists can develop new ways to treat cancer and other diseases.
The cell cycle is a complex process that involves the growth and division of a cell. It is divided into four phases: G1, S, G2, and M. During each phase, the cell undergoes a series of events that prepare it for the next phase. Cell cycle checkpoints are control mechanisms that ensure that the cell cycle proceeds in a timely and orderly manner.   There are three major cell cycle checkpoints: G1 checkpoint: This checkpoint occurs at the end of the G1 phase. It ensures that the cell has grown to a sufficient size and that all of the necessary nutrients and components are pr…

In order to fully understand the catalytic activity of enzymes, researchers have conducted a wide range of MD simulation studies on several types of enzyme catalytic processes and discussed the whole process in detail.
Enzyme catalysis includes complex processes such as the transport of substrates to the active area, selective catalysis of chemical reactions, and product release. Any chemical or non-chemical process may be a crucial step in determining enzyme activity due to the complex environmental effects of proteins. Molecular dynamics (MD) method is a motion equations of the multi-particle system developed based on Newtonian classical mechanics. MD simulates the microscopic process of the system over time to obtain the particle phase trajectory of the system, and studies the equi…

Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) is an analytical technique used in the development and quality control of protein drugs. From medium optimization, clone screening, formulation stability research and purification process monitoring, to protein characterization, related impurity detection, protein structure identification and protein drug product quality control, CE is required in all aspects of protein drug development. For example, for protein purity determination, sodium dodecyl sulfate-capillary gel electrophoresis (CE-SDS) is better compared to SDS-PAGE. To determine protein isoelectric point, capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF) is more accurate than the traditional gel strip method. For the characterization of glycosylation heterogeneity of glycoprotein drugs, CE can achieve high-resolution analysis.

In the realm of biological sciences, bile acids stand as pivotal molecules, playing a multifaceted role in various physiological processes within organisms. Bile acids are specialized molecules synthesized from cholesterol within the liver. These amphipathic compounds possess a hydrophilic region (carboxylic acid moiety) and a hydrophobic region (steroid backbone). Their distinctive structure enables them to serve as integral components in the process of lipid digestion and absorption.
In the realm of biological sciences, bile acids stand as pivotal molecules, playing a multifaceted role in various physiological processes within organisms. Bile acids are specialized molecules synthesized from cholesterol within the liver. These amphipathic compounds possess a hydrophilic region (carboxylic…

Metabolism is the assembly of biochemical reactions in living organisms, the material basis for life maintenance of living organisms, and an important basis for the study of life activities. Metabolomics studies the endogenous metabolic activities of life under the influence of the internal and external environments, including the detection and analysis of metabolite types and quantities and their change patterns, thus studying the nature of the occurrence and development of collective life activities.
Metabolism is the assembly of biochemical reactions in living organisms, the material basis for life maintenance of living organisms, and an important basis for the study of life activities. Metabolomics studies the endogenous metabolic activities of life under the influence of the internal a…

Plant hormones are trace organic compounds synthesized in plants that have significant effects on plant growth and development. They can be transferred from the site of production to the site of action. They can regulate plant growth and development at low concentrations, and are involved in almost every process of plant growth and development, from influencing cell division, elongation and differentiation to germination, rooting, flowering, fruiting, dormancy and abscission. Plant hormones mainly include ethylene, auxin, abscisic acid, gibberellins, cytokinins, jasmonates, brassinosteroids and salicylates, etc. In addition, some secondary metabolites, such as nitric oxide (NO) and recently discovered strigolactones, have also been suggested to act in a hormone-like manner in regulating plant growth and development.

Flow cytometry (FC) is an important tool for analyzing complex pathways and responses of single cells, which can track cell phenotypes and functions in multiple dimensions. It is also increasingly applied in drug development. FC not only can detect intracellular and extracellular components, but also detect soluble analytes in serum or plasma samples, such as cytokines, drug complexes, or anti-drug antibodies (ADA).
Flow cytometry (FC) is an important tool for analyzing complex pathways and responses of single cells, which can track cell phenotypes and functions in multiple dimensions. It is also increasingly applied in drug development. FC not only can detect intracellular and extracellular components, but also detect soluble analytes in serum or plasma samples, such as cytokines, dru…

Choosing the right eClinical vendor is the cornerstone of successful trials. An inadequate choice can lead to a cascade of challenges, from data inaccuracies to operational inefficiencies.
Choosing the right eClinical platform vendor is the cornerstone of successful trials. An inadequate choice can lead to a cascade of challenges, from data inaccuracies to operational inefficiencies. In this complex landscape, Clinion isn’t just a platform — it’s a seasoned guide adeptly navigating clinical trials with transparency, precision, and an innate understanding of the challenges. Now, let’s break down the core reasons why Clinion is the linchpin for your clinical trial success. Reason 1: User-Centric All the Way Clinion’s platform is designed with you in mind. From trial inception to completion…

Enzymes are proteins that catalyze or speed up chemical reactions in biological organisms, transforming target molecules into essential building blocks for life. In an industrial context, they help condense time-consuming processes, substitute environmentally harmful chemicals, and lower processing temperatures, saving both time and energy.
The role that industrial enzymes play in facilitating various processes in industries ranging from food and beverages to detergents, textiles, and biofuels is crucial yet often understated. These bio-catalysts are responsible for accelerating chemical reactions, making industrial processes more efficient, cost-effective, and eco-friendly. Despite their critical importance, the complexity around their production process is quietly intriguing and needs to…

Lysozyme, often touted as the body's natural antibiotic, is a powerful enzyme inherently produced in the mucosal linings of our body, including the saliva, tears, and milk. This enzyme plays a pivotal role in our immunity by breaking down the cell walls of harmful bacteria, thus acting as our body's frontline defense. With such a potent bacteriolytic capacity, the idea of harnessing its potential for food preservation is quite intriguing.
The field of enzymology is an ever-evolving realm teeming with perfectly crafted proteins called enzymes, each offering a unique functionality. One of the esteemed members of this field is the Lysozyme enzyme, specifically its food-grade variant. This enzyme boasts an impressive array of applications, making it a valuable asset in strengthening the quality…

Lysozyme, often touted as the body's natural antibiotic, is a powerful enzyme inherently produced in the mucosal linings of our body, including the saliva, tears, and milk. This enzyme plays a pivotal role in our immunity by breaking down the cell walls of harmful bacteria, thus acting as our body's frontline defense. With such a potent bacteriolytic capacity, the idea of harnessing its potential for food preservation is quite intriguing.
The field of enzymology is an ever-evolving realm teeming with perfectly crafted proteins called enzymes, each offering a unique functionality. One of the esteemed members of this field is the Lysozyme enzyme, specifically its food-grade variant. This enzyme boasts an impressive array of applications, making it a valuable asset in strengthening the quality…

Glucose oxidase, also known as β-D-glucose: oxygen 1-oxidoreductase, is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of β-D-glucose (a simple sugar) into D-glucono-δ-lactone and hydrogen peroxide. This enzyme, primarily derived from the Aspergillus niger and Penicillium species, requires a co-factor, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) for its activity.
Devising innovative tools and high-quality solutions to cater to food industry needs has been an ongoing pursuit in the scientific community for many years. One such strategy that has garnered significant attention is the utilization of enzymes, specifically glucose oxidase (food grade). Its wide-range applicability makes it a highly sought-after biotechnological tool in diverse food applications, providing many beneficial attributes, such as improv…

Vulcanization accelerators act as special compounds that minimize the degradation of rubber and speed up the vulcanization process.
Why should vulcanization accelerators be used? After more than 100 years of development, the world rubber industry has become an important traditional industry in many developed countries. However, rubber products cannot withstand extreme high and low temperatures, which causes them to become fragile and susceptible to degradation during seasonal changes. American inventors discovered that removing sulfur from rubber and then heating it would allow the rubber to retain its elasticity and harden. This process is known as vulcanization. Vulcanization accelerators act as special compounds that minimize the degradation of rubber and speed up the vulcaniza…

The far-infrared rays released by graphene can enhance human immunity and allow the body to enhance its self-healing function, promote endocrine stability and reduce the risk of various diseases invading the body.
Graphene first appeared in the laboratory in 2004. At that time, two British scientists, Andre Geim and Prof Kostya Novoselov, discovered that they could get thinner and thinner graphite flakes in a very simple way. They peeled the graphite flakes from the graphite, and then glued the two sides of the flakes to a special tape. When the tape was peeled off, the graphite flakes were divided in two. Keep doing this, the sheets get thinner and thinner, and in the end, they get a sheet made of just one layer of carbon atoms, which is graphene. The two scientists won the Nobel Prize in…