Research and development - Articles

For a long time, the research and development of each new drug has faced the challenges of high cost and long cycle. In response to these challenges, major pharmaceutical companies have shifted from targeting common diseases to developing drugs for specific diseases. At the same time, these companies are constantly looking for new technologies for new drug development, such as high-throughput screening technology, DNA encoded chemical library, computer-aided drug discovery, and artificial intelligence.
The use of computer simulation for drug development may reduce costs and increase the efficiency and success rate of the drug development process. Since the 1990s, computer methods such as homology modeling, molecular docking, quantitative structure-activity relationship and molecular dynamic…

Cytokinin is a potent growth hormone and is commonly used in plant tissue culture, induction of cell division and shoot proliferation, plant regeneration, and in vitro production of plant secondary metabolites and bioactive molecules.
Introduction of Cytokinin Cytokinin is an organic compound that belongs to the cytokinin family. It is widely used in plant physiology and agriculture due to its beneficial effects on plant growth and yield. Cytokinin is a potent growth hormone and is commonly used in plant tissue culture, induction of cell division and shoot proliferation, plant regeneration, and in vitro production of plant secondary metabolites and bioactive molecules. Cytokinins are a class of natural plant growth regulators that play a crucial role in the regulation of cell divisio…

Organic Field Effect Transistor (OFET) materials have shown great promise for their use in organic bioelectronic devices. These materials offer several advantages that make them attractive for biomedical applications.
What are the Organic Field Effect Transistors (OFETs)? Organic Field Effect Transistors (OFETs) have gained significant attention in recent years due to their unique properties and potential applications in the field of organic electronics. As the demand for flexible and stretchable electronics continues to grow, the development of OFET materials that can withstand mechanical stress and strain becomes crucial. What are the Advancements in Flexible and Stretchable OFET Materials? 1. Elastomeric Substrates: One of the key requirements for achieving flexibility and stretchability…

New technologies are supercharging drug development. AI innovations enable pharmaceutical companies to bring safer, more effective medications to market faster. This new age of medicine creates exciting new possibilities for patients and drug manufacturers, but it also brings new challenges.
New technologies are supercharging drug development. AI innovations enable pharmaceutical companies to bring safer, more effective medications to market faster. This new age of medicine creates exciting new possibilities for patients and drug manufacturers, but it also brings new challenges. The recent surge of highly effective weight loss drugs demonstrates the revenue opportunities and complexities facing drug manufacturers. Drugs such as Ozempic and Wegovy deliver unprecedented benefits, skyrocketin…

Embarking on a systematic literature review is a critical step in evidence synthesis, providing a foundation for robust decision-making in the healthcare landscape. As with most things, there are ways to cut corners on systematic reviews. Sometimes there are true efficiencies to be made. Yet, all compromises have consequences. In this article, we delve into 11 common problems that may arise when cost-cutting compromises the quality of your systematic literature review.
1. Choosing the wrong type of systematic review methodology Selecting the wrong type of methodology for your review can have profound implications. A robust, gold standard Cochrane methodology involves two reviewers at all stages of the review, to avoid bias in the identification and presentation of the evidence, and ensur…

Photoresist resins are often used in conjunction with photosensitive agents and play a crucial role in making photoresist photosensitive.
Photoresist resin, also known as film-forming resin, is an inert polymer matrix. It is the core component of photoresist and constitutes the basic photoresist skeleton. Photoresist resins are often used in conjunction with photosensitive agents and play a crucial role in making photoresist photosensitive. The structures vary from different photoresist resins, which mainly determine the basic properties of the photoresist after exposure, including hardness, flexibility, adhesion, the solubility for specific solvents, optical properties, aging resistance, etching, thermal stability, etc. Resins for G/I-line resists The o-diazonaphthoquinone (DNQ)-phe…

As research in cancer theranostics advances, engineered nanoparticles offer tailored drug delivery and simultaneous diagnosis. DNA and peptide-based supramolecular nanoassemblies present programmable strategies for precise drug delivery. Furthermore, microfluidic technologies have paved the way for improved cancer diagnostics and personalized drug delivery via engineered extracellular vesicles. These innovations collectively demonstrate a multidisciplinary approach, fueling greater optimism for the development of next-generation cancer therapies.
3 Recent Breakthroughs in Cancer Research Cancer continues to be one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, despite extensive research and medical advancements. However, recent breakthroughs in nanotechnology, molecular biology, and bioengin…

The selection and careful inclusion of flavoring agents, buffers, plasticizers, and fragrance agents are crucial elements in the formulation of cosmetics.
Introduction Cosmetic products have become an integral part of our daily lives, enhancing our natural beauty and boosting our self-confidence. Behind every cosmetic product lies a complex formulation consisting of various ingredients. Among these ingredients, flavoring agents, buffers, plasticizers, and fragrance agents play crucial roles in enhancing the user experience and improving the overall quality of the product. Flavoring Agents Flavoring agents are commonly used in lip products, such as lipsticks and lip balms, to add a pleasant taste. These agents, sourced from natural or synthetic origins, provide a tempting sensation when…

Microneedles have gained significant attention in recent years due to their potential applications in various fields such as drug delivery, diagnostics, and tissue engineering.
Introduction Microneedles have gained significant attention in recent years due to their potential applications in various fields such as drug delivery, diagnostics, and tissue engineering. The preparation of microneedles requires precise and efficient technologies to achieve desired features such as size, shape, and mechanical strength. This article provides an overview of different technologies used for microneedle preparation, including 3D printing, etching, photolithography, and micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) technology. 3D Printing Technology for Microneedle Preparation 3D printing technology offers a pr…

Expandable graphite serves as a crucial component in fire-resistant applications across various industries.
Flame Retardant Properties of Expandable Graphite One of the most renowned characteristics of expandable graphite lies in its exceptional flame retardant properties. When exposed to high temperatures or open flames, this substance undergoes a remarkable transformation. Under these conditions, the layers of graphite expand, forming a highly insulating intumescent barrier. This intumescent mechanism effectively prevents heat transfer, flame propagation, and the release of toxic gases. Consequently, expandable graphite serves as a crucial component in fire-resistant applications across various industries. Notably, when incorporated into polymers, such as polyurethane foams, exp…

It is essential to explore EHR capabilities and define usage tips specifically for pharma professionals, as their daily routines and objectives differ significantly from those of clinical personnel.
According to the 2022 studies published in the “Pharmacy” and “Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews” journals, electronic health records software can help pharmacies provide more personalized services and improve the quality of patient care, leading to better patient outcomes and increased revenue. So, how do pharmacists benefit from EHRs and use them at full capacity?  1. Consult patients on medication usage based on EHR data   Extended patients’ health history provides pharmacists with information on patients’ demographic and health conditions that can lead to issues with the prescribed t…

Cobalt carbonate is an important precursor to cobalt oxide, cobalt powder, ceramic additives, organic cobalt compounds, and other products, and its purity determines the properties of downstream products.
Cobalt carbonate is an inorganic compound, the chemical formula is CoCO3, a pink crystalline powder, almost insoluble in water, alcohol, ethyl ether methyl ester, and ammonia, mainly used as a mineral dressing agent, catalyst, camouflage paint pigments, feed, trace fertilizers, ceramics, and raw materials for the production of cobalt oxide. Cobalt carbonate is an important precursor to cobalt oxide, cobalt powder, ceramic additives, organic cobalt compounds, and other products, and its purity determines the properties of downstream products. The products prepared by precipitation of s…

The main function of parathyroid hormone (PTH) is to regulate calcium and phosphorus metabolism in vertebrates, resulting in increased blood calcium levels and decreased blood phosphorus levels. At present, PTH is a large protein drug, and its administration route is still limited to injection due to its poor stability, which causes great inconvenience when administered frequently.
The main function of parathyroid hormone (PTH) is to regulate calcium and phosphorus metabolism in vertebrates, resulting in increased blood calcium levels and decreased blood phosphorus levels. At present, PTH is a large protein drug, and its administration route is still limited to injection due to its poor stability, which causes great inconvenience when administered frequently. Microneedle preparation steps …

Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral drugs are commonly used clinically. However, with the spread and evolution of drug resistance, the efficacy of these drugs, especially antibacterial and antiviral drugs, is declining.
Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral drugs are commonly used clinically. However, with the spread and evolution of drug resistance, the efficacy of these drugs, especially antibacterial and antiviral drugs, is declining. At present, there is no effective means to deal with the problem of drug resistance clinically, and the development of new drugs is urgently needed. Antibacterial Series Antibacterial series can be divided into antifungal drugs and antibacterial drugs. Common antibacterial drugs include β-lactams, aminoglycosides, macrolides, quinolone…

Phosphorus catalysts are widely used in organic chemistry laboratories to convert acetic acid and formaldehyde into acrylic acid or used to catalyze hydrodesulfurization (HDS) and hydrodenitrogenation (HDN).
Phosphorus catalysts are widely used in organic chemistry laboratories to convert acetic acid and formaldehyde into acrylic acid or used to catalyze hydrodesulfurization (HDS) and hydrodenitrogenation (HDN). It also plays an important role in photocatalyst or electrocatalyst by combining phosphorus with carbon materials or other metals and metal derivatives such as TiO2. Catalyst Used in Organic Chemistry Lab: Vanadium phosphorus oxide catalyst (VPO) can convert acetic acid and formaldehyde into acrylic acid for the conversion of oxidized butane to maleic anhydride or for certain…

Chemotherapy with anti-tumor agents is currently one of the most important systemic treatments for cancer. However, direct treatment with drugs lacks specificity and sensitivity and tends to attack normal cells indiscriminately, resulting in side effects.
Introduction Liposomes, as drug carriers, provide a superior solution for maintaining or enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapy while reducing the severity of reactions and side effects. Classification When the surface of the liposome is modified, the properties of the liposome can be changed to control the release of the internal drug, to achieve better targeting effect and drug efficacy. Current liposome release triggers include heat, light, pH, temperature, ultrasound, enzymes, magnetism and et al., which have been widely used in anti-t…

Isotopes are different atoms of the same element with the same number of protons and different numbers of neutrons called isotopes of each other, which can also be interpreted as different nuclides of the same element called isotopes of each other.
What are Isotopes? An isotope is one of two or more atoms of the same chemical element with the same atomic number, occupying the same position on the periodic table and having almost identical chemical behavior, but with different atomic weights or mass numbers, which results in differences in mass spectral behavior, radioactive transitions, and physical properties (e.g., diffusion ability in the gaseous state). Isotopes can be categorized into the following two types according to their stability and the physical properties of radioactivity: Sta…

Adjuvants can help antigens induce long-term effective specific immune responses in vivo, leading to higher vaccine efficacy and prolonged protection from immune responses. Adjuvants can also reduce the amount of antigen used, the cost of production and the number of immunizations.
What are Adjuvants? Adjuvants, also known as immunomodulators or immune enhancers, are an additive to vaccines. Adjuvants are non-specific immune enhancers that enhance or alter the type of immune response to an antigen.  Based on their chemical properties, adjuvants can be broadly classified into the following categories: Inorganic adjuvants such as aluminum adjuvants; emulsion-based adjuvants such as MF59 and AS03; water-soluble adjuvants such as saponins; adjuvants targeting pattern-recognition recep…

Ergothioneine is a natural product found widely in various organisms, especially in ergot, where it is present in higher amounts.
What is Ergothioneine? At physiological pH, ergothioneine is stable since it mainly exists in the form of thione. It possesses various physiological functions, including scavenging free radicals, detoxification, maintaining DNA biosynthesis, promoting normal cell growth, and supporting cellular immunity. L-(+)-Ergothioneine can play a protective role in human cells, serving as an essential active substance in the body. Additionally, research indicates that ergothioneine can inhibit the activity of mitochondrial complex II, providing protection to mitochondria; and that ergothioneine has a protective effect on mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis…

The linker is not only the molecule part of the covalent link between the antibody and the small molecule payload, but also a key element with design properties in targeted drug therapy.
The addition of the linker should not induce aggregation and needs to ensure acceptable PK characteristics, while limiting the premature release of the payload in plasma and enabling the effective release of active molecules at the targeted site. These linkers can be divided into cleavable linker and non-cleavable linker. ADCs based on non-cleavable linkers must be internalized and the antibody needs to be degraded by lysosomal proteases to release active molecules. Many non-cleavable linkers have been explored during the ADC development process, the most representative one is N-succinimide-4-(N-maleimideme…